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A financial transaction tax is a levy placed on a specific type of monetary transaction for a particular purpose. The concept has been most commonly associated with the financial sector; it is not usually considered to include consumption taxes paid by consumers.〔With the exception, perhaps, of the bank transaction tax which taxes transactions on bank accounts and the Automated Payment Transaction tax which taxes all transactions.〕 A transaction tax is not a levy on financial institutions per se; rather, it is charged only on the specific transactions that are designated as taxable. So if an institution never carries out the taxable transaction, then it will never be subject to the transaction tax.〔This illustration is attributed to the public lecture of economist Rodney Schmidt, Principal Researcher, The North-South Institute, 20 June 2010, at the "People's Summit", held at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada〕 Furthermore, if an institution carries out only one such transaction, then it will only be taxed for that one transaction. As such, this tax is neither a financial activities tax (FAT), nor a Financial stability contribution (FSC), or "Bank tax", for example. This clarification is important in discussions about using a financial transaction tax as a tool to selectively discourage excessive speculation without discouraging any other activity (as John Maynard Keynes originally envisioned it in 1936). There are several types of financial transaction taxes. Each has its own purpose. Some have been implemented, while some are only proposals. Concepts are found in various organizations and regions around the world. Some are domestic and meant to be used within one nation; whereas some are multinational.〔Richard T. Page, ("Foolish Revenge or Shrewd Regulation? Financial-Industry Tax Law Reforms Proposed in the Wake of the Financial Crisis?" ) 85 Tul. L. Rev. 191, 193–195, 205–14 (2010).〕 In 2011 there were 40 countries that made use of FTT, together raising $38 billion (€29bn).〔 ==History of the concept== The year 1694 saw an early implementation of a financial transaction tax in the form of a stamp duty at the London Stock Exchange (founded 1801). The tax was payable by the buyer of shares for the official stamp on the legal document needed to formalize the purchase. , it is the oldest tax still in existence in Great Britain.〔 〕 In 1936, in the wake of Carmen the Great Depression, John Maynard Keynes advocated the wider use of financial transaction taxes.〔 He proposed the levying of a small transaction tax on dealings on Wall Street, in the United States, where he argued excessive speculation by uninformed financial traders increased volatility (see Keynes financial transaction tax below). In 1972 the Bretton Woods system for stabilizing currencies effectively came to an end. In that context, James Tobin, influenced by the work of Keynes, suggested his more specific currency transaction tax for stabilizing currencies on a larger global scale. In 1989, Edgar Feige generalized the ideas of Keynes and Tobin by proposing a small flat rate tax on all transactions. This automated payment transaction tax was subsequently presented to the President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform in Washington, DC.〔http://129.3.20.41/eps/pe/papers/0506/0506011.pdf〕 The December 1994 Mexican peso crisis hurt its currency. In that context, Paul Bernd Spahn re-examined the Tobin tax, opposed its original form, and instead proposed his own version in 1995.〔 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=1136.0 〕〔 〕 In the context of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, many economists, governments, and organizations around the world re-examined, or were asked to re-examine, the concept of a financial transaction tax, or its various forms. As a result, various new forms of financial transaction taxes were proposed, such as the EU financial transaction tax. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Financial transaction tax」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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